Children in homes using polluting fuels 1.5 times more likely to experience acute respiratory infection symptoms

The issue of using polluting fuels is a pressing public health concern, particularly in many parts of India. Households in various regions rely on a variety of traditional fuels, including wood, crop residue, charcoal, animal dung, and coal, for cooking and heating purposes. Kerosene is often utilized for lighting as well. These practices create a consistently smoky indoor environment that significantly contributes to the burden of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI), particularly in children.According to numerous studies, children residing in homes that utilize these polluting fuels are approximately 1.5 times more likely to experience symptoms associated with ARI, such as coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. This is especially alarming when considering that children have underdeveloped respiratory systems and are more susceptible to the harmful effects of air pollution.
The combustion of these fuels produces smoke that contains harmful particulates and toxic gases, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and volatile organic compounds. These pollutants can irritate the respiratory tract and lead to increased susceptibility to infections. Furthermore, the practice of burning agricultural waste, such as crop residue post-harvest, exacerbates the situation. Not only does this contribute to outdoor air pollution, but it also leads to an even higher concentration of harmful substances in the home environment, thereby further increasing health risks for children.
The health implications of ARI in children are significant. It can lead to a cycle of illness, increased healthcare costs, and lost productivity for families. In severe cases, ARI can result in hospitalizations or even death. According to the World Health Organization, respiratory infections are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age.Given the alarming statistics and the health risks associated with indoor air pollution from traditional fuels, there is a critical need for intervention. Transitioning to cleaner energy sources, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), biogas, or electric stoves, can drastically reduce the amount of harmful emissions produced during cooking and heating. Policies aimed at improving access to clean fuels, subsidizing alternative energy sources, and encouraging the adoption of improved cookstoves can yield substantial public health benefits. Additionally, improving ventilation in homes and raising awareness about the risks associated with burning polluting fuels are vital components in combating ARI.
Recurrent episodes of ARI predispose these children to COPD in their later age groups. COPD is the second commonest cause of death and although smoking is a common cause for COPD, India has the highest number of non-smokers COPD all over the world. The common cause for this non-smokers COPD is Recurrent ARI in childhood.

The reliance on traditional fuels not only poses significant health risks to children but also harms the overall quality of air and contributes to broader environmental issues. It is imperative for policymakers, communities, and health organizations to collaborate in implementing effective solutions that can mitigate these health risks. By focusing on promoting cleaner cooking and heating methods, improving indoor air quality, and boosting awareness, we can create a healthier environment for children and significantly improve their quality of life as well as health outcomes. In conclusion, addressing the use of polluting fuels in homes is not just about improving air quality; it is about safeguarding the health and future of the younger generation. Everyone has a role to play in this effort, from government institutions to local communities to individual families.
(Article Courtesy: Dr. Mahavir Modi, Consultant Pulmonologist, Ruby Hall Clinic Pune)